Monday, June 11, 2012

Special Education Services and Your Child | Neighborhood Voice

Parents are their children?s best advocates because parents know their children better than anyone else. That is why parents are so important when a child needs special education.

The term ?special education? encompasses educational programs that serve children with mental, physical, emotional, and behavioral disabilities. Some common types of disabilities in special education are attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder also called ADHD; mental retardation and emotional disturbance.

NV columnist Timothy D. Goler is a sociology doctoral candidate Case Western Reserve University and co-founder of PolicyBridge.

The federal government?s ?Individuals with Disabilities Education Act,? also called IDEA, guarantees a ?free, appropriate public education? to children with disabilities. But parents must speak up, advocate for their children and make sure their children get the help they need.?

Under IDEA, a parent has the right to request that his/her child be evaluated to determine whether the child has a disability that qualifies him/her for special education services.?And, a parent also has a right to participate on his/her child's Individualized Education Program (IEP) Team, which is the group that decides what services the school will provide the child.?Every child needs different services, so parents should learn as much as they can about their child's disability or disabilities and advocate for full and appropriate services for their child during IEP Team meetings. Parents should also work with their child at home to ensure that services/accommodations the child is receiving at school are continued and consistent at home.

Is there an additional cost for special education?

No.? Schools receive some money from the federal (U.S.) government to pay for special education services, but often schools do not receive enough money to cover all of the services a child needs.?Schools cannot, however, refuse to give your child a service he/she needs because it costs too much. IDEA requires schools to provide the necessary services a child needs to gain a Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE), which means services are provided at no cost to the parents.

Do I have to have special credentials to request an evaluation or an IEP team meeting?

No.?You have a right, as your child's parent(s), to request an evaluation and an IEP team meeting if you think it is necessary.?Remember: The school is only required to give your child an appropriate education, not the best education. If you are worried that the school is not providing an appropriate education to meet the needs of your child, contact one of the organizations listed below for help.

Learn more about your rights, the rights of your child, federal and state laws and more at: www.ode.state.oh.us/GD/Templates/Pages/ODE/ODEPrimary.aspx?page=2&TopicRelationID=1540

On Wednesday, July 25, be sure to attend a Mental Health Public Hearing at Cleveland City Hall located at 601 Lakeside Ave. Sponsored by Cleveland City Councilman Kevin Conwell and Cuyahoga County Councilwoman Yvonne Conwell, the hearing will focus on children and families affected by mental health issues and educational impacts. Stay tuned to www.neighborhood-voice.com for more information about this hearing.

Tim Goler, who wrote this article, can be reached at Timothy.Goler@case.edu.

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Adoption Creates Families: Just When You Think Your Family Is ...

We are thrilled to announce to all of you that Billy and I are adding

?another member to our family!?

In case you are counting, that will make five kids.

5 kids.?

Wow. I have had to let that sink in a little bit.

?That's right, we are adopting again and this time:

It's A Boy!?

However, this son will not be wearing this:

He will be wearing this:

Our new son is 15 years old and is a HUGE Dallas Cowboys fan. We are so excited to welcome home our boys' biological cousin "K" sometime this summer.

?He has been in foster care for 2 years, entering the system on the same day that Jayden did. K recently became free for adoption. His foster home busted up and he is in a temporary home for now.?

When contacted by CPS about his current circumstance, I told his worker that he will not become another statistic of kids who age out of the foster care system and end up homeless or in prison.

?Not my child.?

I explained we love K very much and want the best for him. He has been a part of our family for awhile now, and we would be honored to make him officially our son forever. I told her that despite all of my dreams and plans, God chose to bring two of my babies home as newborns, two as toddlers, and now one as a teen. HIS plan has always been far greater and more fulfilling than anything I could have come up with. She said that hearing that lifted a huge weight off of her shoulders about what would become of this spectacular kid.

We thought we were going to have to become foster parents to get him and just received GREAT news from CPS that we can welcome him home as a straight adoption and not have to do any of the arduous and time consuming training and inspections that come with foster care licensing. We hope to have our paperwork, finger prints, and home study completed and submitted to bring K home mid to late July. We talk to him on the phone weekly and have to assure him often that we are in fact going to do this and will not let him down.
K will be entering his sophomore year in the fall at the highschool that is literally two streets away from our house. He wants to try out for football and basketball. He is an A/B student, very responsible. I told him that he will have to get used to having a Mom that is all kinds of up in his business! He laughed at that.?

As far as his brother, "T"...we have been in contact with some sweet, sweet friends from church who are currently licensed foster parents. They are feeling called to adopt T as their child. He will be the oldest of three in their family, and their first adoption. We think that is fantastic!!! He will have his own bedroom and be only about 10 minutes from us. They live right by the middle school and are very close friends to several families with boys just his age and grade. We will see him every Sunday at church, during Youth Group meetings, and family fun events. We will be able to have sleepovers and have him be so much more a part of our life and family than he has been.

?They have already begun to prepare his place in their home and are so excited to have him as their very own. His new Mama is just anxious and biting at the bit to get her boy! I couldn't be more thankful to God for providing in abundance for him. Nothing is set, but we are praying CPS will choose them as his forever family and bring their son home before his 12th birthday on June 22nd.?

Please join us in praying for these boys. They are just fantastic kids and the joy of my heart. I cannot wait to see how God unfolds this chapter in their lives. I suspect it will be the very best one yet.

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Asus PadFone, tablet Station get imported stateside courtesy of Negri Electronics, yours for $860

Having to fiddle with a separate Android tablet and smartphone and a laptop just won't cut it? You might be eager to get your mitts the ASUS PadFone if that's your sentiment, but folks in the US won't exactly find these at their local Best Buy. Still, despite having no official carrier support or definitive launch plans within the states, you'll now be able to snag the smartphone bundled with its tablet dock if you're willing to hit the gray market. As discovered by Phone Arena, our friends at Negri Electronics are now stocking the international edition of the über-hybrid; $860 gets you one to call your own, but tactile-typists should note that it doesn't include the keyboard dock. To refresh your memory, the fone itself is runs Ice Cream Sandwich atop a 1.5GHz Snapdragon S4 CPU, and features a 4.3-inch AMOLED display, 16GB of expandable storage, HSPA+ connectivity and a 1,520mAh battery. Additionally, the 10-inch PadFone Station (tablet dock) scores you more screen real estate (naturally) and a nine-fold increase in battery life. Feel free to refresh your knowledge of the device (and its accessories) with our previous hands-on posts, then check out the source link below if you decide to pick one up with your hard-earned dough.

Asus PadFone, tablet Station get imported stateside courtesy of Negri Electronics, yours for $860 originally appeared on Engadget on Sun, 10 Jun 2012 16:12:00 EDT. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

Permalink Phone Arena, Phandroid  |  sourceNegri Electronics  | Email this | Comments


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Getting Your Business Online with a Search Engine Marketing Agency

?

The best advice any business owner can take is to leave the job to the professionals as they see better results in the long-term. Hiring a search engine marketing agency to do the job for you will mean that your time is freed up to focus on running your business. Although a lot of people can make a fair attempt at Internet marketing, the amount of knowledge you will need to learn and getting it right means that you need a lot of time on your hands. For good results you will probably need to dedicate at least three hours a day for around six months. For a complete beginner you may need to add another hour or two a day because you will need to read up on techniques that are used.

One example could be when Google recently changed their algorithms, a lot of SEO companies were prepared for it and were quickly able to keep their customers ranking high in the search engine results.

For someone who is new at Internet marketing this can be extremely difficult and you will find that you may have to spend yet more time on your website.

A search engine marketing agency will also be able to outsource work for you like web design and article writing so you don?t have to spend time doing this. They would know where to go and who to hire whereas if this is done on your own you will have to go through a trial and error process of finding out which people are reliable and which aren?t. This can cost a lot of money and also you will learn from your mistakes it will still be taking up a lot of your time which could be better spent improving your own business.

Also by choosing a local?Search Engine Marketing Agency?they will have in-depth knowledge of the local market and customers. You know where to visit them and get your ideas across of how you want your online presence to be, they will also be able to help you choose the right marketing methods that are suited to your business and industry. For example there are paid adverts that are powered by all of the major search engines that can easily increase the amount of customers that you have. It is simply like putting an advertising board on search engine results.

There are probably more methods for you to choose from to promote your business online then you could possibly research. That is why using asearch engine marketing agency would be advantageous not only to you but also your business. It is important to let the professionals get on and do their job leaving you to concentrate on your specialised field of running your business.

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Helical bacteria: the benefits of being twisted

One of the first things you learn in bacteriology is that bacteria come in different shapes. Not a huge range of shapes admittedly, but the main shapes are spherical, rod-shaped, or spiral. Spherical bacteria make sense as a sphere is a fairly simple shape to grow into and chains or colonies of bacteria allow them to spread into their environment. Likewise a rod is a good shape for bacteria that move around a lot, giving them more propulsion through crowded spaces (and when you?re small enough to be on the same scale as large molecules, every space is crowded).

Different bacterial shapes (from wikimedia commons, credit link below). A: rod shaped "bacci" bacteria B, C and D: spherical "cocci" bacteria, E: spiral bacteria, F: bacteria with stalk or budding appendage

But why spirals? What benefits do bacteria gain from being shaped like a corkscrew?

I was quite excited therefore, to see two recent articles in PLoS Pathogens that both addressed this issue. One concerned the bacteria campylobacter jejuni (which causes bacterial-induced?diarrhoea) and one was on?helicobacter pylori (the bacteria that causes stomach ulcers, which I?ve written about previously).?In both cases the helical shape can be destroyed by fairly simple gene knockouts, and in both bacteria the loss of the helical shape resulted in a decrease in virulence and the ability of the bacteria to function within a body.

Starting then with c. jejuni, which I have a soft spot for because I worked with it back when I was studying bacteriophages.

Scanning electron micrograph of Campylobacter, clearly showing the spiral shape. Photo by De Wood; digital colorization by Chris Pooley, credit link below.

So first of all, how to remove the spiral shape from the bacteria. Researchers in reference 1 found one gene, which they called?pgp1 (peptidoglycan peptidase 1), which when deleted turns the bacteria from a neat little spiral into a boring rod shape. As its name suggests pgp1 acts on peptidoglycan, which is a major component of the bacterial cell wall. When deleted, the resultant rod-shaped bacteria are three times worse at colonising chicks (C. jejuni is also a major causes of diseases in chickens) and are also bad at forming biofilms and generally moving around. Figure 1 in the reference has some excellent pictures of the spiral bacteria and the sad rod-shaped mutants.

There were no differences between normal c. jejuni and pgp1 mutants when it came to growth, stress survival or general living on nutrient agar; the spiral shape only seems to have an effect on factors important for virulence and survival inside a body. The researchers also made mutants that overexpressed the pgp1 and found that this too had a straightening effect on the cells (again, lovely bacteria pictures in figure 3). When they took the pgp1 gene and put it into a normally rod-shaped bacteria (E. coli) there was no change in shape. The corkscrew-effect the pgp1 produces is only present when the gene is in C. jejuni and expressed at the correct levels, which is a pity because spiral shaped E. coli would be cool.

So the spiral-shape in C. jejuni seems to be controlled by one major gene (probably with the help of a few others) and is important for pathogenicity. What about H. pylori?

Scanning electron micrograph of Helicobacter pylori, showing the spiral shape. Image from the National Institutes of Health, part of the United States Department of Health and Human Services. Credit link below.

In h. pylori the story is slightly different. Previous research in bacteria which had lost their helical twist (although they still maintained a slightly curved shape, hold that thought) showed no difference in movement or swimming motility. H. pylori live in the mucus lining of the stomach, and it was thought that the helical shape would it to push through this viscous material more easily. The less-twisty bacteria did still show a difference in colonisation ? the twisted wildtype bacteria were much more likely to colonise the stomach lining than the straighter mutants.

In reference 2, the found a new gene (csd4) involved in the curved shape of the bacteria, which the original non-twisty mutants still maintained. It turns out that if you knock out this gene from the non-twisty mutants the bacteria loose all traces of curve or twistyness and movement through viscous solutions that mimic the stomach lining is a lot harder. Unlike C. jejuni therefore, the H. pylori have two genetic mechanisms that cause the helical shape. One gene that causes the helical twist by crosslinking bits of the cell wall and another (the csd4 identified in reference 2) that independently induces curving of the cell. These two mechanisms do appear to be completely independent as well, and both contribute to increase twistyness of the cell.

So while C. jejuni has one gene solely responsible for the spiral shape and increased virulence, H. pylori has two. There may be environmental reasons for this (C. jejuni can survive in a larger range of hosts) however as they are rather unrelated bacteria is may just be that the helical-shape has existed for longer in H. pylori which has picked up more than one mechanism to produce it (and if anyone is aware of any more reasons, do email me and let me know!). What is clear is that bacteria have very firm reasons for being the shapes they are, and those shapes are not limited?solely?to spherical blobs.

?

Credit link for image 1 (bacterial shapes)

Credit link for image 2 (campylobacter)

Credit link for image 3 (helicobacter)

Reference 1: Frirdich E, Biboy J, Adams C, Lee J, Ellermeier J, Gielda LD, Dirita VJ, Girardin SE, Vollmer W, & Gaynor EC (2012). Peptidoglycan-modifying enzyme Pgp1 is required for helical cell shape and pathogenicity traits in Campylobacter jejuni. PLoS pathogens, 8 (3) PMID: 22457624

Reference 2: Sycuro LK, Wyckoff TJ, Biboy J, Born P, Pincus Z, Vollmer W, & Salama NR (2012). Multiple peptidoglycan modification networks modulate Helicobacter pylori?s cell shape, motility, and colonization potential. PLoS pathogens, 8 (3) PMID: 22457625

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Sunday, June 10, 2012

Not a great start for the STAAR tests (Offthekuff)

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Student Academy Awards 2012 Winners: Southern California Dominates (PHOTOS)

BEVERLY HILLS, Calif. ? Students from across Southern California dominated the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences' 39th annual Student Academy Awards.

Amanda Tasse of the University of Southern California and David Wolter of California Institute of the Arts were among the five students hailing from Southern California schools. Both received gold medals, the highest honor at Saturday's ceremony at the motion picture academy's Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills.

Other winners of the gold medal included David Winstone of the University of Westminster in London, Mark Raso of Columbia University in New York and Keiko Wright of New York University.

The Student Academy Awards were established in 1972 to support and encourage excellence in filmmaking at the collegiate level. Past winners have gone on to receive 46 Oscar nominations and have won or shared eight trophies.

At the 84th annual Academy Awards earlier this year, 2011 Student Academy Award winners Hallvar Witzo and Max Zahle were respectively nominated in the live action short film category for "Tuba Atlantic" and "Raju." James Spione, a Student Academy Award winner in 1987, earned a nomination in the documentary short subject category for "Incident in New Baghdad."

This year's winners were:

Alternative

_ Gold Medal: "The Reality Clock," Amanda Tasse, University of Southern California, Los Angeles. (Only one winner was selected in this category.)

Animation

_ Gold Medal: "Eyrie," David Wolter, California Institute of the Arts, Valencia, Calif.

_ Silver Medal: "The Jockstrap Raiders," Mark Nelson, University of California, Los Angeles.

_ Bronze Medal: "My Little Friend," Eric Prah, Ringling College of Art and Design, Sarasota, Fla.

Documentary

_ Gold Medal: "Hiro: A Story of Japanese Internment," Keiko Wright, New York University, New York.

_ Silver Medal: "Dying Green," Ellen Tripler, American University, Washington D.C.

_Bronze Medal: "Lost Country," Heather Burky, Art Institute of Jacksonville (Fla.).

Narrative

_ Gold Medal: "Under," Mark Raso, Columbia University, New York.

_ Silver Medal: "Narcocorrido," Ryan Prows, American Film Institute, Los Angeles.

_ Bronze Medal: "Nani," Justin Tipping, American Film Institute, Los Angeles.

Foreign Film

_ Gold Medal: "For Elsie," David Winstone, University of Westminster, London.

_ Silver Medal: "Of Dogs and Horses," Thomas Stuber, Film Academy, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany.

_ Bronze Medal: "The Swing of the Coffin Maker," Elmar Imanov, The International Film School, Cologne, Germany.

___

Online:

http://studentacademyawards.tumblr.com

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Turkey tweaks cult of national founder

ISTANBUL (AP) ? On a trip to Rio de Janeiro, a Turkish notary public gazed at the Christ the Redeemer statue that looms over the Brazilian city and was inspired to build a monumental likeness of his idol: Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, Turkey's independence war hero and national founder.

"I said to myself: 'Jesus Christ is a great man, but my Ataturk is as great as him,'" said 78-year-old Sitki Kahvecioglu, who fulfilled his dream 15 years later.

A 22-meter (72-foot) high copper statue of Ataturk ? the country's biggest of the iconic figure ? was inaugurated on May 19 in northeastern Turkey, a tribute to the near-mystical hold that Ataturk exerts over his fervent believers, whose admiration is rooted in his success in imposing secular values on a largely Muslim nation.

Yet the cult of Ataturk, once a staple of Turkish state ideology, is slowly, sometimes imperceptibly, being diluted, replaced in part by the Ottoman imperial era as inspiration for an Islamist-rooted government with its own set of ideas about modernity, morality and regional stature.

To be sure, Ataturk, whose surname means "father of the Turks," is still seemingly everywhere more than 70 years after his death.

His face is on banknotes. His piercing eyes and widow's peak adorn framed portraits in public offices, and many shops and homes. His sarcophagus lies in a giant mausoleum in the capital, Ankara. Istanbul's main international airport is named after him. Turkish law says it is a crime to insult his name, though prosecutions have eased up in recent years.

But Turkey is a nation in the grip of an astonishing transformation, and such official reverence appears increasingly out of sync with the times.

Today's Turkey is a democracy grappling with an authoritarian legacy, a market economy whose explosive growth in the past decade is the bedrock of newfound swagger and a Western ally with historical and cultural links to the Middle East that place it at the forefront of debate about the change sweeping the region.

It is also led by pious Muslims whose electoral triumphs drained power from military-backed classes that championed the code of Ataturk, who pulled together a nation from the wreckage of the Ottoman Empire, diminished Islam's influence by decree, welded Turkish ethnicity to national identity and reinforced the power of the state over the individual. The current government has sought to soften that credo, preserving Ataturk as a national icon but chipping away at the idea that his word, and traditional expressions of homage, are inviolable.

"In the past, to say 'Ataturk said so' would be the end of the discussion," said Mustafa Akyol, author of "Islam without Extremes: A Muslim Case for Liberty."

Now, Akyol said, more people are willing to challenge Ataturk's precepts, and as a result, followers of his ideology, known as Kemalism, "are becoming more insecure and that sometimes makes them even more insistent about keeping the symbols."

One example of tension-tinged change came on May 19, the anniversary of the day in 1919 that is celebrated as the beginning of the Turkish fight for nationhood ? with Ataturk, who only later acquired that surname, at the center of the narrative. For the first time, the militarism of past celebrations was replaced with civilian events hailed by government officials as more inclusive. In Istanbul, a ceremony in front of a statue of Ataturk skipped the traditional moment of silence held in his honor and a band played the national anthem. Some onlookers were outraged, shouting: "We want respect for Ataturk."

Howard Eissenstat, an academic at St. Lawrence University in the United States who is working on a book about the roots of Turkish nationalism, said that some Turks distrust the ruling party for challenging "longstanding definitions of what being a Turk is." He traced the start of this conflict to the 1950 election victory of an opposition group over a party founded by Ataturk, who died in 1938, in a process that accelerated with the opening up of the economy in the late 1980s.

Eissenstat compared Turkey's "cultural war" to what some American conservatives have called a "war on Christmas" ? recent disputes in the United States over whether Christmas should be observed as a secular or religious holiday in public settings. He also noted that the willingness of Turkish leaders to acknowledge official wrongdoing in a deadly bombing campaign aimed at crushing a Kurdish rebellion in the 1930s reflected an indirect way of tarnishing the reputation of Turkey's premier historical hero.

"They're highlighting the ways that Mustafa Kemal was directly implicated in crimes," he said. "They see Mustafa Kemal as somebody with a complex historical legacy. They don't feel that he should be at the center of policy, and they certainly don't think that rituals that prioritize the military should be at the center."

Tansel Colasan, president of a foundation that promotes the national founder, wrote in an email that it was "unfortunate" that the leaders of military coups in 1971 and 1980 claimed to act in the name of Ataturk. She also criticized the "jargon of radical/fanatic pro-Islamic media" that has recently denigrated Ataturk, saying it ignores how he laid the foundations of a country that is a symbol of "peace and stability" in the Middle East.

The government of Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan, sometimes accused of illiberal tendencies and score-settling, says it is committed to secular politics and intent on joining the European Union despite a troubled candidacy for membership. At the same time, it has presided over a flourishing of pride in the Islam-based, Ottoman empire and perceptions, open to dispute, that its rulers were tolerant and pluralistic. Old mosques have been restored, Ottoman-era calligraphy is back in style as an art form and period television dramas are popular in Turkey and beyond its borders.

But there is only one guiding light for Kahvecioglu, who poured his savings into the $2.2 million statue of Ataturk in Artvin, his hometown near Georgia. It depicts Ataturk in uniform and a high cap, hunched forward, apparently in deep thought during a campaign against a Greek army just before Turkey was founded in 1923.

Kahvecioglu said he carried firewood from the mountains as a child, went to law school, ran unsuccessfully for mayor, did business for one of Turkey's richest men and ran a charity foundation that built facilities in Artvin. He dismissed criticism on the Internet that he was an idol-worshipper who should have spent the statue funds on the poor. "I was always a rebel against injustice," he said.

And a new generation of Turks is growing up with Ataturk, even if the national adulation is not what it was. Every morning, children in elementary school recite an oath that includes the line:

"O Great Ataturk! On the path you opened, toward the goal you have shown, I vow to march without hesitation."

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Helical bacteria: the benefits of being twisted

One of the first things you learn in bacteriology is that bacteria come in different shapes. Not a huge range of shapes admittedly, but the main shapes are spherical, rod-shaped, or spiral. Spherical bacteria make sense ? a sphere has the largest surface area for a given volume which means that the bacteria can absorb as many nutrients from the outside world as possible and easily diffuse them throughout the cell. Likewise a rod is a good shape for bacteria that move around a lot, giving them more propulsion through crowded spaces (and when you?re small enough to be on the same scale as large molecules, every space is crowded).

Different bacterial shapes (from wikimedia commons, credit link below). A: rod shaped "bacci" bacteria B, C and D: spherical "cocci" bacteria, E: spiral bacteria, F: bacteria with stalk or budding appendage

But why spirals? What benefits do bacteria gain from being shaped like a corkscrew?

I was quite excited therefore, to see two recent articles in PLoS Pathogens that both addressed this issue. One concerned the bacteria campylobacter jejuni (which causes bacterial-induced?diarrhoea) and one was on?helicobacter pylori (the bacteria that causes stomach ulcers, which I?ve written about previously).?In both cases the helical shape can be destroyed by fairly simple gene knockouts, and in both bacteria the loss of the helical shape resulted in a decrease in virulence and the ability of the bacteria to function within a body.

Starting then with c. jejuni, which I have a soft spot for because I worked with it back when I was studying bacteriophages.

Scanning electron micrograph of Campylobacter, clearly showing the spiral shape. Photo by De Wood; digital colorization by Chris Pooley, credit link below.

So first of all, how to remove the spiral shape from the bacteria. Researchers in reference 1 found one gene, which they called?pgp1 (peptidoglycan peptidase 1), which when deleted turns the bacteria from a neat little spiral into a boring rod shape. As its name suggests pgp1 acts on peptidoglycan, which is a major component of the bacterial cell wall. When deleted, the resultant rod-shaped bacteria are three times worse at colonising chicks (C. jejuni is also a major causes of diseases in chickens) and are also bad at forming biofilms and generally moving around. Figure 1 in the reference has some excellent pictures of the spiral bacteria and the sad rod-shaped mutants.

There were no differences between normal c. jejuni and pgp1 mutants when it came to growth, stress survival or general living on nutrient agar; the spiral shape only seems to have an effect on factors important for virulence and survival inside a body. The researchers also made mutants that overexpressed the pgp1 and found that this too had a straightening effect on the cells (again, lovely bacteria pictures in figure 3). When they took the pgp1 gene and put it into a normally rod-shaped bacteria (E. coli) there was no change in shape. The corkscrew-effect the pgp1 produces is only present when the gene is in C. jejuni and expressed at the correct levels, which is a pity because spiral shaped E. coli would be cool.

So the spiral-shape in C. jejuni seems to be controlled by one major gene (probably with the help of a few others) and is important for pathogenicity. What about H. pylori?

Scanning electron micrograph of Helicobacter pylori, showing the spiral shape. Image from the National Institutes of Health, part of the United States Department of Health and Human Services. Credit link below.

In h. pylori the story is slightly different. Previous research in bacteria which had lost their helical twist (although they still maintained a slightly curved shape, hold that thought) showed no difference in movement or swimming motility. H. pylori live in the mucus lining of the stomach, and it was thought that the helical shape would it to push through this viscous material more easily. The less-twisty bacteria did still show a difference in colonisation ? the twisted wildtype bacteria were much more likely to colonise the stomach lining than the straighter mutants.

In reference 2, the found a new gene (csd4) involved in the curved shape of the bacteria, which the original non-twisty mutants still maintained. It turns out that if you knock out this gene from the non-twisty mutants the bacteria loose all traces of curve or twistyness and movement through viscous solutions that mimic the stomach lining is a lot harder. Unlike C. jejuni therefore, the H. pylori have two genetic mechanisms that cause the helical shape. One gene that causes the helical twist by crosslinking bits of the cell wall and another (the csd4 identified in reference 2) that independently induces curving of the cell. These two mechanisms do appear to be completely independent as well, and both contribute to increase twistyness of the cell.

So while C. jejuni has one gene solely responsible for the spiral shape and increased virulence, H. pylori has two. There may be environmental reasons for this (C. jejuni can survive in a larger range of hosts) however as they are rather unrelated bacteria is may just be that the helical-shape has existed for longer in H. pylori which has picked up more than one mechanism to produce it (and if anyone is aware of any more reasons, do email me and let me know!). What is clear is that bacteria have very firm reasons for being the shapes they are, and those shapes are not limited?solely?to spherical blobs.

?

Credit link for image 1 (bacterial shapes)

Credit link for image 2 (campylobacter)

Credit link for image 3 (helicobacter)

Reference 1: Frirdich E, Biboy J, Adams C, Lee J, Ellermeier J, Gielda LD, Dirita VJ, Girardin SE, Vollmer W, & Gaynor EC (2012). Peptidoglycan-modifying enzyme Pgp1 is required for helical cell shape and pathogenicity traits in Campylobacter jejuni. PLoS pathogens, 8 (3) PMID: 22457624

Reference 2: Sycuro LK, Wyckoff TJ, Biboy J, Born P, Pincus Z, Vollmer W, & Salama NR (2012). Multiple peptidoglycan modification networks modulate Helicobacter pylori?s cell shape, motility, and colonization potential. PLoS pathogens, 8 (3) PMID: 22457625

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Structures destroyed, people missing in Colorado wildfire

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Chavez: Venezuela concerned about lower oil prices

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Undoing health law could have messy ripple effects

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Does Paper Really Burn at 451 Degrees Fahrenheit?

Not quite. Bradbury?s title refers to the auto-ignition point of paper?the temperature at which it will catch fire without being exposed to an external flame. In truth, there?s no authoritative value for this. Experimental protocols differ, and the auto-ignition temperature of any solid material is a function of its composition, volume, density, and shape, as well as its time of exposure to the high temperature. Older textbooks report a range of numbers for the auto-ignition point of paper, from the high 440s to the low 450s, but more recent experiments suggest it?s about 30 degrees hotter than that. By comparison, the auto-ignition temperature of gasoline is 536 degrees, and the temperature for charcoal is 660 degrees.

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Job o' the Day: Legal Intern at Seattle Immigration Court! ? The ...

The internship will entail in-depth research and analysis of novel legal issues, as well as preparation of legal memoranda for the immigration judges. Interns will have an opportunity to draft several decisions that will be taken under advisement by an immigration judge. Interns can expect to complete assignments that may later be used as writing samples. In addition, interns will be able to observe a variety of matters brought before the court. The intern will work under the supervision of the court?s attorney advisor but will also have substantial interaction with the individual immigration judges.

Projects assigned vary depending on the court?s docket but will include:

  • Research and preparation of memoranda on complex legal issues;
  • Drafting decisions on motions pending before the court; and
  • Drafting decisions on applications for relief from removal, such as asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under Article 3 of the U.N. Convention Against Torture.

Find out how to apply at PSLawNet!

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Coach Pop - Postgame

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Saturday, June 9, 2012

NATO apologizes for deaths in Afghan airstrike

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Obama campaign raises more questions about Romney's wealth (reuters)

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KristieKenney: Did you know that Bangkok and Washington DC are sister cities?! Nice to see the link between "my" two cities.

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Approved Mac OS app boasts 'Retina graphics'

Approved Mac App boasts 'Retina graphics'

As if there wasn't enough speculation already, what with WWDC just around the corner, bets are already being placed on the possibility of "Retina Display" Macs. So, when an app turns up in Mac App store mentioning "Retina graphics" under the new features list, eyebrows are understandably going to rise. Of course, this isn't the first such tease we've seen, but it's not the least convincing either. So, we're still not ready to put our money down on a retina-reveal next week just yet, but those odds do seem to be getting ever shorter.

Approved Mac OS app boasts 'Retina graphics' originally appeared on Engadget on Fri, 08 Jun 2012 06:06:00 EDT. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

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Engineered robot interacts with live fish

ScienceDaily (June 8, 2012) ? A bioinspired robot has provided the first experimental evidence that live zebrafish can be influenced by engineered robots.

Results published 8 June in IOP Publishing's journal Bioinspiration and Biomimetics, provide a stepping stone on the path to using autonomous robots in an open environment to monitor and control fish behaviour.

In the future, water-based robots could potentially contribute to the protection of endangered animals and the control of pest species.

The robot, created by researchers from Polytechnic Institute of New York University and Instituto Superiore di Sanit?, Italy, was 15 centimetres long and spray-painted with the characteristic blue stripes of the zebrafish. The tail of the robot was mechanically controlled by the researchers to mimic the action of the zebrafish itself.

When placed in a 65 litre fish tank, the movements of the robot's tail attracted both individual and shoals of zebrafish; the researchers believe that such capability was influenced by its bioinspired features which were optimised to increase attraction.

For example, the robot was given a rounder shape to mimic a fertile female, which is preferred by both male and female zebrafish, and its colour pattern -- a magnified stripe width and saturated yellow pigment -- emphasized distinctive biologically relevant features.

The robot was in a fixed position in the tank so that the tail movements could be controlled, recorded and, most importantly, associated with the behaviour of the zebrafish.

The fish tank where the experiments took place was divided into one large middle section and two smaller sections at either end, separated by transparent Plexiglas. A total of 16 experiments were performed in which individual, and then shoals of, zebrafish were placed in the middle compartment of the tank and two stimuli were placed at either end behind the Plexiglass.

The combinations of stimuli were: one fish versus an empty space; ten fish versus an empty space; ten fish versus one fish; the robot versus an empty space, and the robot versus one fish.

A camera was placed above the tank to monitor the movements of the zebrafish, and statistical tests were performed to calculate whether the robot acted as an attractive, neutral or aversive stimulus and whether this relationship depends on the fish being isolated or in a shoal.

Although the live zebrafish tended to prefer each other to the robot, when given the choice to spend time next to the robotic fish or an empty space, both the individual fish and shoal of fish preferred the robot. While the noise of the robot's motor was shown to decrease its attraction, the actual beating of the tail emphasized its attractiveness.

The corresponding author, Dr Maurizio Porfiri, said: "These findings provide practical evidence that a species' preference for conspecifics may be used to inspire the design of robots which can actively engage their source of inspiration.

"New studies are currently underway in our lab investigating the interactions between fish and robotic fish when they are free to swim together under controlled and ecologically complex conditions."

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Institute of Physics.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.


Journal Reference:

  1. G Polverino, N Abaid, V Kopman, S Macr? and M Porfiri. Zebrafish response to robotic fish: preference experiments on isolated individuals and small shoals. Bioinspiration & Biomimetics, 2012 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3182/7/3/036019

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

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Barack Obama ? still a ?social democrat? after all these years (Powerlineblog)

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Paternos unaware may be called to testify in Sandusky trial

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